The ABO histo-blood groups, encoded by the A, B, and O alleles at the ABO gene 1, was the first polymorphism to be discovered in humans. Genetic diversity at the ABO gene is unusually high, suggesting that distinct blood groups have persisted due to balancing selection, a form of adaptation that maintains diversity in a species in the face of genetic drift (the chance fluctuations in allele frequencies that occur in finite populations). Why ABO blood groups might be under balancing selection has been debated for close to a century 2.
Strikingly, A and B are both found in at least 17 other primate species (see Fig. 1A), and the genetic differences between the A and B alleles consist of the same two amino acid changes in exon 7 of ABO 3,4. In contrast, there are a number of distinct loss-of-function (O) alleles, which are not shared among species 5. We recently showed that the A/B polymorphism emerged at least around 20 millions years ago and persisted in some primate species until the present 6. Notably, humans and gibbons inherited A and B types from a common ancestor at the origin of apes 6. The maintenance of a polymorphism for that long is exceedingly unlikely by chance alone, providing compelling evidence that variants in ABO have been maintained by ancient balancing selection and thus must have important effects on individual fitness 7.
下面是筆記啦~因為我忘性這麼好(得意),一定不會記得的,趕緊貼一下囉(其實我連我貼過都會忘記)(更得意)
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1.ABO血型是1930諾貝爾獎生醫獎喔
2. Landsteiner發現A、B、O(1900),Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli 發現AB(1902)。
Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern找出ABO的可遺傳性(1910~11), Felix Bernstein找出複等位基因遺傳模式(1924)
3.ABO血型抗原的原型為H抗原,H抗原的基因在第十九對染色體上,產物為H抗原為一種糖蛋白。
寡醣鏈為β-D-galactose, β-D-N-acetylglucosamine, β-D-galactose, and 2-linked, α-L-fucose
4. ABO血型抗原的基因在第九對染色體,共有7段exon
IA基因—把 α-N-acetylgalactosamine加到H上的酵素→A抗原
IB基因—把 α-D-galactose加到H上的酵素→B抗原
i 基因—IA基因的第261個核苷酸(G)缺失→轉譯框位移→提早終止轉譯
→無正常酵素→α-N-acetylgalactosamine加到H上→H抗原維持原狀
5.ABO抗原主要是接在band 3蛋白上,負責陰離子的通道(紅血球及集尿管)
6.出生時並無抗A及抗B抗體,一歲前發展完成。可能是來自於食物或細菌的抗原非常類似A及B抗原所引發合成。
一般認為抗A抗體的起源是由流感病毒上的抗原引發,該抗原非常類似α-D-N-galactosamine
抗B抗體的起源則是針對格蘭氏陰性菌(如大腸桿菌)表面抗原,非常類似α-D-galactose
流感病毒離開細胞時,會利用寄主細胞膜形成套膜,其上之抗原便會被帶到其他個體。
若新寄主為不同血型,具有相對應的抗體,便會攻擊病毒,使病毒無法繼續作用,寄主因此得利。
以此假說,血型基因是受到negative frequency-dependent selection。當基因越稀有,在族群中能因此得利的機率越高。
7.抗A及抗B抗體為isoantibody,是針對isoantigen的抗體。亦即同種個體間會有不同的抗原
8. A及B型人體內的抗A及抗B抗體通常是IgM類型的抗體,無法通過胎盤。O型人體內的抗體通常是IgG類型的抗體
9.ABO的六種等位基因
A
▪ A101 (A1)
▪ A201 (A2)
B
▪ B101 (B1)
O
▪ O01 (O1)
▪ O02 (O1v)
▪ O03 (O2)
10.假說一:IA最早演化出來→缺失→O→IB
此假說與三種基因頻率的高低一致,也與早期人類遷徙的路徑相符。
例如: IB 在亞洲非常普遍,但在西歐後裔中則非常少見
11.假說二:ABO的演化中至少發生了三次獨立演化,產生了四個支系,從古老到晚近依次是 A101/A201/O09, B101, O02 and O01.
12.北印度及鄰近的中亞地區中,B型比例最高,往東西都是漸減。一般相信美洲及澳洲原住民族群中應該原本完全沒有B型個體
13.與非O型人相比,O型人罹患扁平上皮癌的機率低14%,罹患基底上皮癌的機率低4%,罹患胰臟癌的機率也較低。
B抗原與罹患卵巢癌機率高有關。A型人罹患胃癌的比例較高,O型人最低
14.A型大約有二十多種亞型,但是99%是A1及A2型,輸血時可當作是同一型
15.孟買血型:不表現H抗原,會製造抗H抗A抗B抗體。
即使接受O型的血球,也會與血球上的H抗原結合,因此只能接受同樣為孟買血型的紅血球,但是可以當作O型捐血者。
16.利用細菌酵素glycosidase可以將A抗原及B抗原移除,轉變為O型血。但是無法處理Rh抗原,因此必須使用Rh陰性血
17.ABO基因的演化
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